autumn joy sedum propagation

It'sSedum spectabile'Autumn Joy' (Stonecrop) and in autumn, it really is a joy. The plant's gray-green succulent leaves look lush all summer. In spring, summer and autumn, Angelina’s Teacup is golden yellow; in winter, this Sedum turns more orange. When given the right growing conditions, Autumn Joy stonecrop requires minimal maintenance. The classic among the Sedum telephium varieties is clearly the ‘autumn joy’, because it is also one of the most robust hybrids. Propagation. The stems bear fleshy, pale gray-green leaves and flattened heads of tiny, star-like, deep rose flowers. Sedum (Stonecrop) is an easy to grow group of succulents that look great in the summer and autumn garden. I think shadows from my large pots may have been a factor. Found inside – Page 164Propagation , as with most sedums , is easy : by division at any time or ... Sedum spectabile ' Autumn Joy ' ( Ice plant ) • Full sun • Well - drained soil ... One cluster has been doing really well but the other area has really struggled - with dead branches and just not growing in the 1st place. Found inside – Page 151Propagation : By division or by seed Uses : The taller varieties are ... of the most popular perennials in the garden world today is Sedum ' Autumn Joy . They are planted under a magnolia tree that does offer some shade, however the tree itself is in full sunlight for several hours of the day. A classic garden perennial, 'Autumn Joy' sedum will add color to your yard from spring to fall. Good luck! Remove bottom leaves.3. This is a healthy clumping sedum (‘Autumn Joy’). How Does Autumn Joy Sedum Reproduce? There’s nothing like a sedum to add a splash of colour to your garden in autumn. This is Sedum Autumn Joy, in all its fall glory. Found inside... care Sedums are resistant to drought so should not need extra watering propagation Divide and replant between mid-autumn and early spring 'Autumn Joy' ... Set the top of the plant even with the soil level and water the division after planting. The Sedum seeds are exceptionally small, so only press the seed into the moistened soil, and do not cover the seed. On the basis that one plant is a joy, then several must be properly joyful. Autumn Joy Sedum will grow to be about 24 inches tall at maturity, with a spread of 24 inches. Then place the stem into the prepared soil. I would describe the conditions as partial shade. propagating Autumn Joy sedum. Once the plant gets too large, you can divide the roots. Despite their name, Sedum can often be found flourishing more in the summer months. The beauty of an autumn garden is in all the choices you have, Let titian foliage and berries, silky milkweed, late-blooming asters and more lure you out into the autumn garden, Weave a romantic tapestry with this drought-tolerant combination of plants as tough as they are lovely, Exceptional Residential Design and Remodeling Services in Fairfax, 20 Favorite Flowers for the Fall Landscape. If they rot, it's too wet. … Dig up 8-by-8-inch clumps of sedum in spring or fall to thin out a thick patch that is falling over. Eynsham Red Posts: 48. Cathryn Chaney has worked as a gardening writer since 2002. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.. GrowingTheHomeGarden.com Copyright 2007 to Present. Found inside – Page 178Sedum acre ( gold moss ) is a yellowflowering prostrate creeper that is ... and ' Autumn Joy , ' with pink flowers in fall that turn a deep mahogany and ... Sedum division is an easy process and requires little expertise, but a few tips and tricks can help increase the chances of success. Sedum ‘Autumn Joy’. Although these plants were formerly included in the Sedum genus, they now belong to the Hylotelephium one. Sedum ‘Autumn Joy’ is a robust upright perennial to 18 inches (45cm) tall with light green fleshy leaves and numerous small pink to brick red flowers in autumn. Propagation: Commercially, Sedum Autumn Joy is propagated by spring cuttings. Published On - December 22, 2020 In the garden, this can be accomplished by dividing the root mass in the fall or spring. . Multiply the plant by stem and leaf cuttings and root division. Perennial growing 6″ tall, hardy for zones 3-9. Plant Cuttings. We want to hear which plant, flowering or otherwise, gives you special joy, Trees haven't cornered the market on autumn splendor. Ideas from 20 planters from my neighborhood! This does not include a big box store. Zensability. hostagod. Care. Its large clusters of tiny, starry flowers emerge pink in late summer, drawing all kinds of pollinators. Found insideThis sedum propagates easily by cuttings—even a leaf will root. 5. spectabile hybrids 'Brilliant' and 'Meteor' are somewhat shorter than 'Autumn Joy' and ... Do not let the water dry out completely, and change it every few days. Cuttings root best in a sterile, soilless potting mix. I propagate sedum autumn joy in the spring, to keep it from getting too tall, just use my pinch n poke method, same as impatiens, begonias, coleus, plecthranthus, no rooting hormone needed! Hylotelephium 'Herbstfreude', better known as Hylotelephium 'Autumn Joy' or Sedum 'Autumn Joy', is a popular succulent that forms upright to slightly spreading clumps of unbranched stems with fleshy blue-green to grayish-green leaves. Once you have "Autumn Joy" (Sedum x "Autumn Joy") growing in your garden, you may find that that you want more of it. Yes, thought so. The Autumn Joy sedum variety has numerous seasons of appeal, starting with its sweet rosettes of new growth in late winter to early spring. Origin. How to Grow Autumn Joy Stonecrop Autumn Joy Stonecrop Care. This was one of the main reasons we chose it … The plant was formerly known as Sedum telephium. Other common names are Alpine, Life-everlasting, Live-forever, Livelong, Orphan John, Orpine, and Witch's Moneybags. "Autumn Joy" sedum roots easily from stem or leaf cuttings. Found inside – Page 184SEDUM S. Autumn Joy WHERE TO PLANT : WHEN TO PLANT : SPACING : PLANTING DEPTH : PROPAGATION : PLANTING TIPS : Full sun to partial shade , in well - drained ... Bred in 1955, this sedum is the most popular plant of the taller ones.. Border sedum (Hylotelephium) varieties to try. Allow the plant to establish before fertilizing. How to Divide an Autumn Joy Sedum. I do not have many recommendations to offer on annual plants. Then place the glass in a warm spot with lots of light. Found inside – Page 159PROPAGATING SNEEZEWEED Sneezeweed is CO - STARS FOR ' MOERHEIM BEAUTY ' From ... to the weeds and is toppling into a mass of ' Autumn Joy ' sedum ( see page ... Oct 13, 2020 - Autumn joy sedum - beautiful and easy to grow stonecrop plant. Favorite. Stick stem in dirt. Belonging to the stonecrop family, the Sedum ‘Autumn Joy’ is a hardy, reliable and vibrant succulent. We do have hostas scattered all over the yard, some in brighter areas than others, and they all do well. The tall sedums (mainly Sedum spectabile, Sedum telephium) have upright stems that grow from 1 to 3 feet tall depending on variety and conditions. Individual star-shaped flowers 1/2-inch wide form 6-inch-wide flower heads. Found inside – Page 27Appendix A Production Cycle Seed Group I Propagation from May Purchased Seed ... Lythrum cuttings are normally taken during June and Sedum ' Autumn Joy ' in ... Add these flowering perennials for a foliage sight to behold, These 3 groups of plants will support masses of beneficial insects come autumn, It's a fall-decor revolution! SEDUM, AUTUMN JOY. Chaney graduated from the University of Arizona in 1992 with a Bachelor of Arts in English. Found inside – Page 100Propagation is by seed sown outdoors in spring or by late summer cuttings . ... Sedum ' Autumn Joy ' ( Crassulaceae ) , Stonecrop 100 83. Plant These Fall-Flowering Natives in Early Summer for Pollinator Love, Rebel Colors Spark Fall Flower Arrangements, Fall Is Calling: What to Do in Your October Garden, Great Garden Combo: 3 Soft-Looking Plants for a Dry Climate. Leaves are egg-shaped with serrated margins. When grown in masses or used as a bedding plant, individual plants should be spaced approximately 18 inches apart. Just find a shady spot with good soil and keep the soil moist, not wet. Propagating sedum from leaf cuttings Propagating from stem cuttings. Pink Sedum flowers • Stonecrop (Sedum). This plant is just so easy to propagate! Put the bottom part of the stem into the potting medium and place the container in bright, indirect light. Today's Sedum is Curacao Blue Sedum. Right? However, if you would consider perennials (plant once and they return each year) I would suggest these: Lung wort - this blooms early spring but the spotted foliage is attractive well into late fall. It is that simple:) Kent. Its large clusters of tiny, starry flowers emerge pink in late summer, drawing all kinds of pollinators. Kendrah - my first comment disappeared - hope you don't get two. In the early spring , what a lot of nursery’s get are bare root roses, then they pot them up in 3 gallon pots. The perennial, which can grow up to 70 centimeters (28 in) high, with its striking old pink flowers is the result of a cultivation with Sedum … Tall sedum (i.e. You will notice basal foliage when pruning, prune back to just above this. That's how my wife and I have done it for years we usually start a few every year to give customers as a gift when they buy our daylilies. ! The USDA plant hardiness zones for Sedum ‘Autumn Joy’ are 3 through 9. Sedum Angelina’s Teacup is a wonderful addition to the Sunsparkler® series. About 16 weeks before the last spring frost date for your area, plant the fine seeds of sedum in a soilless mix in shallow pots or nursery flats, barely covering them with the mix. Your photos may be featured in an upcoming story! This perennial favorite grows 12 to 18 inches tall and forms clumps up to 24 inches wide. After a few weeks, tug gently on the stem to check for rooting. More favorite planters (flower container gardens - 10+)! Found inside – Page 69It is such a darling plant—much smaller (only 4 inches tall) than common sedums like 'Autumn Joy'. In summer, clusters of pink buds open to reveal 1⁄2-inch, ... Use a soil knife to cut the plant into sections measuring about 12 inches (30 centimetres) in diameter. Lift the entire clump, and shake off loose soil so you can see the root system better. It will be fine if there isn't a lot of rain. Found inside – Page 85Edith shared it with Montrose Nursery , who propagated it , and today it is ... big Miscanthus sinensis and the stolidness of Sedum fulgida ' Autumn Joy ' . At the weekend I noted that three pieces had grown on quite nicely in the half seed tray. How to Prune a Colorado Blue Spruce Trees. To propagate your sedum using leaf cuttings, snip off only healthy leaves with a very sharp knife, making sure each of them also has a short piece of stem. Autumn Joy ( Sedum x 'Autumn Joy') is a type of sedum valued for its easy growth habit and the bright pink, orange, yellow or red variegated blooms that enliven the landscape in late summer and autumn. Because the sturdy plant is drought-resistant and tolerates poor, dry soil, it is a good choice for adding beauty to slopes or drab, difficult areas. Found inside – Page 138Lynn Janicki PROPAGATION : divide clumps in spring , stem cuttings in summer . WATER : moderate . ... Autumn Joy Sedum COMPANION PLANTS Salvia officinalis ... The succulent plant is easy to grow with few diseases or pests. Autumn joy) is a fall bloomer but generally will not carry you into late fall. It is often found listed as S. spectabile or S. telephium. It's easy to propagate more sedum for use in borders, beds and drought-tolerant gardens. Below is what the Autumn Joy Stonecrop looks like in the late summer. 'Autumn Joy' sedum is hardy in Zones 3 to 8. How to Propagate a Cyclamen Plant Growing Flowers. We divided a couple of plants a week or two back, and some of the flower stems broke off, so we brought them in doors and put them in a vase. Flower stalks with many buds appear in late summer, looking a little like broccoli. The stems of tall sedum … Using your shovel or spade insert it into the ground between clumps and lift. Rooting hormone encourages the plant to develop new, healthy roots. Make sure that only the sedum stem in in the water ( no leaves.) Easy care, easy to propagate by simply cutting the top off them stem and sticking it in the ground. ... How to Propagate 'Autumn Joy' Sedum As a backbone plant for xeriscaping, Sedum Autumn Joy is a herbaceous perennial, meaning that it dies back to the ground for the winter, but the big advantage to this and similar Sedum varieties is it’s tendency to leave the upright blooming stems in place with the mahogany or rust coloured seed heads.. Found inside – Page 86Propagate it by seed or root division . ... Thalictrum aquilegifolium KING - OF - THEO Sedum spectabile ' Autumn Joy ' MEADOW , COLUMBINE and butterflies ... The blooms gradually change to deep rose-red, and finally turn coppery-rust in autumn. A couple of months back I put some little pieces of sedum in some compost in the hope that it would root and produce little plants. Some of the taller sedums including Sedum telephium (Stonecrop) and Sedum spectabile ('Autumn Joy'--Showy Stonecrop) were reassigned from the genus Sedum to Hylotelephium. Autumn Joy is a type of sedum valued for its easy growth habit and the bright pink, orange, yellow or red variegated blooms that enliven the landscape in late summer and autumn. Terrific at filling gaps and in a wide range of colors and shapes, sedum is a problem solver in the garden. Simply cut the stems to the length you want, peel the bottom 1/3 of the leaves off and then let those stems heal off (this is where the cut end of the stem callus over) for 2 weeks to 3 months before planting. Hylotelephium, syn. To propagate this sedum, prune off some of the plant with clean shears, leaving four to six pairs of leaves on the cutting. Easy and simple! Here is a brief synopsis: 1. It is also known as showy sedum Sedum Spectabile autumn joy. It needs some available soil moisture during rooting, but very little. Found inside – Page 382... 262 Scaling to propagate lilies , 253-254 Scarlet runner bean . ... 78 Sedum , 28-29 , 29 , 89 , 111 , 331-332 ; aizoon , 92 ; ' Autumn Joy ' , 94 , 232 ... Can a Red Dragon Wing Begonia Be Propagated by Division? I'm stuck! We are full of good ideas and would love to help . Found inside – Page 326It's also a simple matter to propagate sedums by stem cuttings; ... There are many hybrids as well, among them 'Autumn Joy' and 'Autumn Fire', 'Matrona', ... In … Home Uncategorized how to propagate sedum, autumn joy. Propagation: Commercially, Sedum Autumn Joy is propagated by spring cuttings. jonnyb023, That's how I did it with similar results. Found inside – Page 242Propagation Kaffir lilies are very easy plants to lift and divide in the spring ... Sedum ' Herbstfreude ' Better known as Autumn Joy ' , this is an old ... Propagation. Nice addition to your landscape and to your salad. Use stem cuttings for propagation in spring, let the cuttings dry out for at least 2 weeks before you plant them. Simply prune right back to the ground once the flowers dies back. Autumn Joy sedum has become a classic perennial fitting this description, and as a bonus it plays well with others. This has a couple of advantages. Propagating Autumn Joy Stonecrop. Intolerant of wet soils. You can use a sharp clean knife or your hands to separate the clump. "Autumn Joy" grows from 1 to 3 feet tall with clumps of thick waxy gray-green leaves. Give each division its own container or plant each division where you want it to grow in the garden. The Sedum plant we are checking out today, does not look like Autumn Joy, or Autumn Fire. The arrival of autumn doesn’t mean the vegetable garden needs to close. This Sedum has a bright colour all year round without the use of fertilizers. propagation cultivar list autumn fire, autumn joy tips we’re here to help you grow. Recently I rooted several cuttings of ‘Autumn Joy’ sedum and another sedum I don’t know the name of but bears a resemblance to Sedum seiboldii.. You might ask why would you take leaf cuttings when stem … Replant a piece in its original spot, and dig in the new piece (s) in an area of the garden that has well-draining soil and full to part sun. Another question about my flowers. Sedums are another one of those kinds of plants. Seed heads lend garden interest into fall and winter, attract birds and can be used in floral arrangements. My house had knob and tube wiring. Because "Autumn Joy" Found inside – Page 60... Autumn Joy sedum ( Sedum ' Autumn Joy ' ) , red valerian ( Centranthus ruber ) ... Propagation This plant is relatively easy to propagate and produce . In U.S Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 8 through 10 try, Sedum "Autumn Joy." Children's Directions for Growing a Sweet Potato Vine Growing Vegetables. Here is the picture the online store provided, claiming the plants would grow to look like this. This is best done in spring or early summer. Use commercial cactus and succulent mix or make your own media by combining equal parts of peat and perlite. Every now and then there is a plant that will root from the leaves, like Asiatic lilies I wrote about earlier in the year. Here is how I updated it. You should have nearly 100% take. They are native to several regions of Europe and Asia but can grow in almost any environment as long as it mimics their natural habitat. The fastest method is division. The trick is to pair cool- and cold-season crops with simple season extenders like cold frames and mini hoop tunnels. Take off the bottom two pairs of leaves before putting the stems into soilless potting medium to root. Found inside – Page 86Propagate it by seed or root division . ... O Sedum spectabile Sedum spectabile ' Autumn Joy ' Thalictrum aquilegifolium KING - OF - THEMEADOW , COLUMBINE ... You can tip prune early in the season to promote a more bushy habit, however we tend to let it ‘do its own thing’. x 'Autumn Joy' - Autumn Joy Sedum - The foliage is succulent in texture and the plants are uniform and mounded in habit. How do you propagate Sedum Autumn Joy? Sedum Angelina’s Teacup is a wonderful addition to the Sunsparkler® series. From shop Zensability. Take the pieces of Autumn Joy you have prepared for propagation and place them in a cup or glass that is filled with water. One of the most popular stonecrop sedums is ‘Autumn Joy’ showy sedum ( Sedum spectabile ‘Autumn Joy’). Propagation. Found inside – Page 174Sedum x ' Autumn Joy ' . SPIGELIA ( spy - jee - lee - ah ). Propagation Division , stem cuttings . Uses Beds and borders , edgings , rock walls , walks and ... Hylotelephium spectabile 'Meteor', formerly known as Sedum spectabile 'Meteor', is a succulent that produces upright to slightly spreading stems forming up to 18 inches (45 cm) tall clumps. It's easy to propagate more sedum for use in borders, beds and drought-tolerant gardens. This is an outstanding perennial for Kentucky gardens. Sedum cuttings. You can space the leaves fairly close together. By doing so the plant may try to grow again instead of putting its energy into its roots for next year. Then place the glass in a warm spot with lots of light. The stems were cut off and hung in a clump in a dry place till little plants popped out where the leaf met the stem. Sedum Autumn Joy adds greenery to the garden in spring, color and texture with its chartreuse flower buds in summer, they produce an array of pink blooms throughout fall and the dried seed heads add winter interest. I have coreopsis planted throughout my landscaping. Found inside – Page 244... featherleaf, 206–7 Root cuttings, 115 Rudbeckia fulgida 'Goldsturm', ... 52–53, 115 Seaweed, 5 Sedum, 108–9 Sedum 'Autumn Joy', 108–9 Senecio cineraria, ... Plant Characteristics. I really suggest finding disease resistant roses first and foremost. Grow sedum in full sun. To prune sedum, cut plants back by half in late spring or early summer (June in most places).Pruning causes 'Autumn Joy' sedum to flower later, which creates a lingering flower show in fall. Don't throw away the leaves you pulled off the stems when rooting the cuttings. Keep the potting mix moist until seeds germinate. It is best propagated in winter by division. Now is the time to plant daffodil bulbs (perennial) for spring bloom. Once the plant gets too large, you can divide the roots. Here at Plant Delights Nursery, we have been growing sedum plants for over 25 years in our hot, humid, rainy Raleigh garden and so we thought we'd pass on our expert tips for growing sedum plants as well as the names of our favorite varieties of these popular succulent … (12,955) 12,955 reviews. Give each rooted leaf its own pot, transferring it into progressively larger pots as the plant grows to a size that can be transplanted into the garden. The Plant Lover’s Guide to Sedums includes everything you need to know about these beautiful gems. Found insideAloes, echeverias, hens and chicks, kalanchoes and sedums are all succulents. ... For example, the tall “Autumn Joy” provides interest all season. 'Bertram Anderson' agm - very similar to "Vera … I have an elaborate multi-step method for propagating this plant that gives near perfect results. Many gardeners know ‘Autumn Joy’ stonecrops by their previous common name Sedum ‘Autumn Joy’. Hylotelephium, or Stonecrop, is a genus of succulent herbaceous perennials distributed across temperate North America, Europe, and Asia.Some species have historically been included in the genus Sedum.Many hybrids have also been made between various Hylotelephium species.. Stonecrops are known … Fill a nursery tray with damp sand and stick the bottom half of the sedum … Sedum Autumn Joy is easily propagated by breaking off a piece, stripping it, and burying the lowest node. I obviously want to have the flowers continue to bloom into the fall. 1st 3 pics are the 3 plants that are struggling & 4th pic are the 3 healthy ones (unfortunately the rain just did a number on some of the flowers). Occasionally (not most of the time), I'll do step 1 & 2 one day and step 3 the next day to allow the stem to seal off before planting. Sedum telphinum 'Autumn Joy' Growing and Maintenance Tips. Tie a piece of garden twine near the top of one of the stakes. The showy pink flowers that mature to rosy-orange attract butterflies and have sturdy stems for use as cut flowers. Found inside – Page 103PERENNIALS AND THEIR DIVISION PREFERENCES good time to propagate perennials ... Peony ( Paeonia officinale ) Sedum ( Sedum X ' Autumn Joy ' ) Siberian iris ... Take the pieces of Autumn Joy you have prepared for propagation and place them in a cup or glass that is filled with water. New cultivars of tall sedums have been bred to be shorter which means they are less floppy and in better proportion to today's smaller gardens. Hylotelephium hybrids. Neutral: On May 3, 2002, loisbeth wrote: Autumn Joy Sedum is a succulent perennial with 6" flat-topped flower spikes that open pale-pink darken with age to bronze. Sedum plants with the fleshy roots will make a larger clump over time. Lovely fall colour gets more brilliant in colder weather. Jelly Bean Succulent cuttings - Sedum pachyphyllum - real live succulent plant propogation, gift, 2-3" long each. Found inside – Page 238... Propagation: Division in early spring; cuttings in early summer; ... common Good garden companions: 'Autumn Joy' sedum (Sedum 'Autumn Joy') Propagation: ... "Autumn Joy" is a hybrid between two species of sedum native to China and is hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 3 through 11. Autumn Joy (Sedum/Hylotelephium). Share your pictures of fall foliage and decor in the Comments. In the garden, this can be accomplished by dividing the root mass in the fall or spring. There was an article in Fine Gardening magazine yrs ago on how to propagate Autumn Joy. Please help me finish my patio!! It's got these wonderful flat top clusters of … In the spring when new growth starts, dig up the clump and divide it into four to six different pieces, depending on the size of the clump. Within a few days they had developed roots. Taller, fall-blooming varieties, such as ‘Autumn Joy' and ‘Brilliant,' as well as the creeping sedums (also called stonecrops), are easily propagated via cuttings. Found inside – Page 2... Goblin ' Iberis sempervirens Cuttings Monarda ' Cambridge Scarlet ' Lythrum ' Morden's Pink ' Sedum ' Autumn Joy ' Thymus ' Citriodorus ' Achillea ' Red ... My method which has had 100% success in the 1/2 dozen times tried is to take a shovel and split the sedum in two with a quick step on the shovel taking out one half and planting it then filling the 1/2 hole with soil, tamp down slightly and water. By the end of summer it was filled with sedums in full bloom. "Autumn Fire" sedum seeds are planted in fall and nursery plants in the spring.Plants grow 18 inches tall and wide and need to be spaced about 18 to 24 inches apart in well-drained soil. To keep them from drying out before planting, place stem and leaf cuttings in water or in a plastic bag with a damp paper towel. Vivid blooms and striking shapes make these annuals and perennials a delight in autumn gardens, The simple, honest daisy is this writer’s go-to garden flower. Her horticultural experience working in the nursery industry informs her garden articles, especially those dealing with arid landscaping and drought-tolerant gardening. Then place the glass in a warm spot with lots of light. Does sedum multiply? Growing Perennials in Cold Climates; Mike Heger et al. Found inside – Page 218Propagation is carried out either from cuttings or from seed . Sedum ' Herbstfreude ... Herbstfreude ' ( ' Autumn Joy ' ) is one of the best known . It grows up to 24 inches (60 cm) tall and about the same in width. I like the way the new growth looks when it peeks through about now, the flowers are popular with the buzzy types, and even better it’s easy to propagate. Sedum Ruby Glow another sedum type which is a low growing plant. Like other succulent members of the crassula family, "Autumn Joy" sedum leaves will form a set of roots from tissue near where the leaf joined the stem. Found inside – Page 23Spring cuttings may be potted up in the autumn if the ground is moist and the ... Sidalcea hybrids , and Sedum , Autumn Joy young shoots from the base of ... Check out our article on propagating Sedum here! Those cultivars marked agm have been given an Award of Garden Merit by the Royal Horticultural Society. This plant has low severity poison characteristics. Date: Feb 19, 2019 Author: cavershamjj 6 Comments. Propagate sedum from cuttings in soil. Easy to divide perennial rated for zones 3-9 I garden in USDA Zone 5 and I’m still seeding and transplanting in September for vegetables that we’ll eat later in autumn as well as throughout winter.